Fig. 3
Trace aminergic regulation in the mitochondria, as it relates to ASD-related pathology and symptomology. Mitochondrial location of enzymes is indicted with a blue asterisk (*). Red font indicates abnormalities associated with ASD. Abbreviations: ARG, L-arginine; ARG I / II, arginase I / II; ORN, ornithine; PUT, putrescine; AGM, agmatine; ODC, ornithine decarboxylase; PAO, polyamine oxidase; SSAT, spermidine/spermine-N(1)-acetyltransferase; SPDS, spermidine synthase; SPMS, spermine synthase; SMOX, spermine oxidase; AGMAT, agmatinase; SPM, spermine; SPD, spermidine; TA, trace amines; MOA, monoamine oxidase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SOD 1 / 2, superoxide dismutase 1 / 2; PrxR, peroxiredoxin reductase; Prx(SH)2, reduced peroxiredoxin; Prx-S2, oxidized peroxiredoxin; CAT, catalase; GSSG, glutathione disulfide; GSH, glutathione; GR, glutathione reductase; NAD+, oxidized Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; Trx-S2, oxidized thioredoxin; Trx(SH)2, reduced thioredoxin; TrxR, thioredoxin reductase; mPTP, mitochondrial permeability transition pore; I – V, mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I – V; Cyt, c – cytochrome c; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; ADP, ddenosine diphosphate; NADH, reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide; FADH2, reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide; FAD, flavin adenine dinucleotide; β-PEA, β-phenylethylamine; QH2, dihydroxyquinone; CoQ, coenzyme Q; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GR, glutathione reductase; ∆Ψ, mitochondrial membrane potential